Research Articles: Judges-United Monarchy

Archaeological and historical articles dealing with events from the period of the Judges, and the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, circa 1375-931 B.C.

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Ussher, Explained and Corrected 9/18/2018 - by Rodger C. Young

In 1654 James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh in Ireland, published his Annals of the World, in Latin. An English translation was made available in 1658, two years after Ussher’s death. Bishop William Lloyd put Ussher’s chronology, with some of his own modifications, in the margins of a 1701 edition of the Bible. For many years the King James Version was printed with these dates. This led many to believe that Ussher’s dates were “the” Bible chronology, a position which is defended by some writers to this day.

NEWS RELEASE: ABR Makes Important Discovery at Biblical Shiloh 8/22/2018 - by Lien Voong

Associates for Biblical Research announces the discovery of a ceramic pomegranate from its second season of excavations at the ancient city of Shiloh in Israel. The pomegranate was among 500 other objects...

Go Now To Shiloh: The 2018 Excavations Week Five: Touring and Conservation 6/26/2018 - by Abigail Leavitt

Although the 2018 Shiloh excavations officially came to an end after week four, there was still more work to be done. Dig Director Dr. Scott Stripling inspected the newly excavated walls and, together with Conservation Team Leader Greg Gulbrandsen, identified and selected unstable walls in need of conservation. During week five, Greg led a team consisting of Dr. Charles Savelle, Durwin Kicker, Tim Lopez, Abigail Leavitt, and Charity Hebert.

Go Now To Shiloh: The 2018 Excavations Week Four 6/22/2018 - by Suzanne Lattimer

As the dig came to an end, we looked around at what has been accomplished in 4 weeks. The result of people from 30 states and 4 countries is astounding! Even as we were shutting down, we continued to have a stream of visitors and dignitaries including Sondra Oster Baras from the Christian Friends of Israeli Communities, and …. We are grateful for the connections we’ve made with different archaeologists, specialists, groups, and universities.

What A Dig Needs: Shiloh 2018 6/19/2018 - by ABR Staff

Find out "What A Dig Needs." Join us for our next season in Israel: www.DigShiloh.org

Go Now To Shiloh: The 2018 Excavations Week Three 6/14/2018 - by Gary Byers MA

This past week of the Shiloh Excavations we had nine squares open – each 5m x 5m and sitting on a north/south grid. Our goal is to expose the architecture within each square and be able to relate it to what’s found in the next square. Along with the floors and installations associated with these walls, we can know where ancient people lived. But the pottery and artifacts found in the dirt associated with this architecture and installations tells us about how they lived. And we learned a lot about the ancient people of Shiloh in Week Three!

Go Now To Shiloh: The 2018 Excavations Week Two 6/5/2018 - by Brian N Peterson PhD

Week 2 of the second season of the Shiloh dig is now complete and included the making of many memories and discoveries. Dr. Scott Stripling conducted a number of tours and interviews on the site, two of which are noteworthy.

Go Now To Shiloh: The 2018 Excavations Week One 5/28/2018 - by Henry B Smith Jr MA MAR

Week One of the 2018 Excavations at Biblical Shiloh, operated and sponsored by the Associates for Biblical Research, is now in the books…

Digging for Truth-Episode Seven: The Temple Mount 5/7/2018 - by Henry B Smith Jr MA MAR

Dr. Scott Stripling joins the program to discuss the overwhelming evidence for the Temple in Jerusalem from the time of Solomon to the time of Jesus.

Digging for Truth: Episode Five-Go Now to Shiloh 4/26/2018 - by Henry B Smith Jr MA MAR

Join us as we discuss ABR's archaeological excavations at Biblical Shiloh. Dr. Scott Stripling, Director of the Shiloh Excavations, joins us in studio! www.DigShiloh.org

A Brief Overview of Discoveries from the Shiloh Excavations 2017 8/1/2017 - by Don McNeeley

After six weeks of excavation, conservation, and processing at ancient Shiloh, the ABR team headed back to the States. During Season One at Shiloh some very fascinating artifacts came to light that are already shedding light on the occupational history in several important ways...

Fox News Video on ABR's Shiloh Excavations 7/26/2017 - by Henry B Smith Jr MA MAR

Fox News recently interviewed Shiloh Dig Director, Dr. Scott Stripling.

The Shiloh Excavations: Week Five, Season One: Conservation Work 7/11/2017 - by Dr Leen Ritmeyer

During the months of May/June 2017, excavations were carried out at Tel Shiloh. At the conclusion of the dig, conservation work needed to be carried out on some walls that were in danger of deterioration or collapse. One section of the Middle Bronze Age city wall, W17 in Square AC-30, was selected for conservation.

The Shiloh Excavations: Week Five, Season One 7/8/2017 - by Suzanne Lattimer

As we closed down the dig portion of our season, we prepared for sightseeing while a few of our staff prepared for restoration work. Lou and Ann Klauder finished up the pottery processing, while Abigail closed down the office over the week. Excitement reigned as the play began! We started Sunday afternoon at the airport to pick up the rest of our group. Due to a series of missed connections, we were only able to collect two of the seven people who should have arrived. We did not waste any time, however. On the way home we stopped at Beth Shemesh, saw the current excavations there and learned about the coastal trade routes in the area.

The Shiloh Excavations: Week Four, Season One 6/20/2017 - by Gary Byers MA

“We exceeded all expectations, and I had pretty high ones!” was what Dig Director Scott Stripling said to the whole team at our final meeting on Friday evening. It was a wonderfully successful first season for the ABR Shiloh Excavation.

The Shiloh Excavations: Week Three, Season One 6/12/2017 - by Andrew Kvasnica

Every morning during this past week, the sun has risen between the hills east of the ancient tel of Shiloh, and we get to see the western hills capture this early light and see the shadows against those hills gradually fade. In this daily beauty, we have completed the third of four weeks of ABR’s Shiloh excavation. We had some of our team depart after the second week to return to classes or other obligations and had new team members arrive to the site for the third week. All workers have remained strong and dedicated as we confronted the highest temperatures yet on this dig.

The Shiloh Excavations: Week Two, Season One 6/6/2017 - by Mark Hassler PhD

Week two of the Shiloh Excavations continued the positive trajectory that was established in week one. Our efforts flourished under the leadership of Dr. Scott Stripling, the Director of Excavations. The excavation team is uncovering the city wall and nearby structures in the north and northwestern sectors of the tell. The city wall dates to the MB III period.

The Shiloh Excavations: Week One, Season One 5/27/2017 - by Henry B Smith Jr MA MAR

The Associates for Biblical Research are very pleased to announce the official kick off for the archaeological excavations at Shiloh in Israel. After 18 months of prayer and intensive preparation, our first week of digging at the former site of the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant was a smashing success!

The Old Testament and the Ancient Near East: Profits and Losses 3/22/2017 - by Eugene H Merrill PhD

Since the onset of "scientific" Middle Eastern archaeology in the mid-19th century and the deciphering of ancient languages and texts, biblical scholarship has come to understand the indispensable relevance of ancient Near East (ANE) studies to the historical, cultural, and religious background of the Scriptures, in particular of the Old Testament...

Digging for Truth Audio Series: Archaeological Evidence for King David 2/8/2017 - by Bryan Windle

What we read in the Bible has a clear historical connection. In Digging for Truth, Bryan Windle reveals archeological evidence for biblical characters and events to help us make links between scripture and history.

A Typical Israelite Community in the OT Period 7/25/2016 - by Michael A. Harbin ThD

When we study the OT, we need to bridge a number of cultural gaps. One such gap is the significant difference in the structure of the agricultural communities...

Khirbet el-Maqatir Spring 2016 Season: Week Three, June 6-June 12 6/20/2016 - by Brian N Peterson PhD

The third week of our final season ended in a fashion typical of final days at Maqatir over the past few years. Silos, underground networks of tunnels, mosaic floors, and coins from a variety of eras all came to light in the last few days of our dig season...

Khirbet el-Maqatir Spring 2016 Season: Week Two, May 30-June 5 6/14/2016 - by Suzanne Lattimer

The days have blended together this week. We added an extra dig day Sunday due to our rained out day last week. Everyone was a bit unsure what day it actually was, but this we do know: It’s now the weekend!...

Khirbet el-Maqatir Spring 2016 Season: Week One, May 22-29 6/6/2016 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

The first week of our 2016 season was different than our normal first week—we had a rare weather event. For the first time in 14 seasons of excavating at KeM in May, we experienced heavy rain...

Date Palms: Not In My Back Yard!?!? Or, Maybe... 4/26/2016 - by Gary Byers MA

For the past 8 years I have been excavating a Bronze Age domestic quarter in Area A of the Lower Tall (LA) at Tall el-Hammam (TeH) on the east side of the Jordan River Valley—in the country of Jordan.

From Wheat to Bread…But Man Shall Not Live by Bread Alone! 6/24/2015 - by Gary Byers MA

Grain, oil and wine were so frequently mentioned in the Old Testament that they probably represented the most significant food sources in the Holy Land during that period. Together they would have been the most regularly accessible sources of carbohydrates, proteins and fats—essential to basic nutrition, let alone survival year by year. But, of the three, cereal grains were truly the “staff of life” for the Old Testament world. At least potentially, every family had the opportunity to grow sufficient amounts in their own fields annually—sufficient to survive another season, as well as provide seed for the following year.

Megiddo, The Place of Battles 11/5/2014 - by Col. (Ret.) David G. Hansen PhD

Although Megiddo has been extensively chronicled in extra-biblical sources, it is only mentioned 12 times in the OT1 and once, indirectly, as Armageddon in the NT (Rv 16:16). Most Christians know the book of Revelation prophesies an end-times battle that will be fought at a place called Armageddon (Rv 16:16), and many know that Armageddon is, in fact, a corruption of the Greek word, Ἁρμαγεδών (Harmagedon) or “the hill of Megiddo.” A 35-acre (14 hectare) mound, 200 ft (60 m) high, in northwest Israel called Tell el-Mutesellim is believed to be the site of Megiddo.

Is It Time to Throw Away Your Bible? King David and Solomon: Men or Myths? Part Two 6/11/2014 - by ABR Staff

Members of the ABR staff gathered together in a roundtable discussion to talk about some of the criticisms presently being leveled against the Bible. Liberal scholars and biblical minimalists continually question the historical existence of David and Solomon as kings of Israel. See the ABR staff discuss this issue in part two of a two-part discussion. In this 11 part series (on a 2 DVD set), find out why you can trust the Bible.

Is It Time to Throw Away Your Bible? King David and Solomon: Men or Myths? Part One 5/7/2014 - by ABR Staff

Members of the ABR staff gathered together in a roundtable discussion to talk about some of the criticisms presently being leveled against the Bible. Liberal scholars and biblical minimalists continually question the historical existence of David and Solomon as kings of Israel. See the ABR staff discuss this issue in part one of a two-part discussion. In this 11 part series (on a 2 DVD set), find out why you can trust the Bible.

The Benefit of the Doubt 3/17/2014 - by Scott Stripling DMin

Recently, archaeological remains were discovered in Jerusalem that affirmed the presence of Hasmoneans in Jerusalem during the second century BC. This was in accord with historical texts, such as the book of 1 Maccabees. In this brief article, Dr. Scott Stripling illustrates how the principle of the "benefit of the doubt" is often applied to some written texts, but with a double standard when it comes to King David and the Bible.

New Find: Jerusalem's Oldest Hebrew Inscription 7/25/2013 - by Doug Petrovich ThM MA

During the 2012 excavations at the Ophel in Jerusalem, which is located between the Temple Mount and the City of David, Archaeologist Eilat Mazar's team discovered a large building that dates roughly to the early Iron IIA Age (1000-900 BC). One of the large storage jars discovered there was inscribed with writing. Immediate debate ensued as to the significance of this find. ABR Associate Doug Petrovich has closely followed the academic discussion, and provides ABR supporters with the following analysis of this important discovery.

The Valley of Elah in the Days of Saul and David 2/12/2013 - by Scott Stripling DMin

Dr. Scott Stripling describes the ruins at Khirbet Qeifaya, where King Saul and David fought in battle against the Philistines at the Elah Valley. A pottery shard with Hebrew writing was discovered here in 2008.

Judges: Forgotten History: Part Seven With Dr. Bryant Wood 8/23/2012 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

Dr. Bryant Wood in a Question and Answer session on the history, chronology and archaeology from the period of the Book of Judges.

Judges: Forgotten History: Part Six With Dr. Bryant Wood 8/21/2012 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

Dr. Bryant Wood discusses the history, chronology and archaeology from the period of the Book of Judges. In Part 6, further evidences from the Judges period are surveyed, including the Danite Migration, Shechem, Laish and the Merneptah Stela.

Judges: Forgotten History: Part Four With Dr. Bryant Wood 8/13/2012 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

Dr. Bryant Wood discusses the history, chronology and archaeology from the period of the Book of Judges. In part 4, the connection between Pharaoh Akhenaten and Canaan is made, particularly through the Amarna letters, which speak of a group of people in the land of Canaan called the "Apiru"

Judges: Forgotten History: Part Three With Dr. Bryant Wood 8/6/2012 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

Dr. Bryant Wood of the Associates for Biblical Research discusses the history, chronology and archaeology from the period of the Book of Judges. Part 3 continues to focus on a structure found at Jericho that could be the palace of Eglon, King of Moab.

Judges: Forgotten History: Part Two With Dr. Bryant Wood 8/1/2012 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

Dr. Bryant Wood walks the audience through the archaeological evidence pertaining to the book of Judges, an oft forgotten book in the Old Testament. Part two focuses on a structure found at Jericho that could be the palace of Eglon, King of Moab.

Judges: Forgotten History: Part One With Dr. Bryant Wood 7/27/2012 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

Dr. Bryant Wood walks the audience through the archaeological evidence pertaining to the book of Judges, an oft-forgotten book in the Old Testament.

Book Review: From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology: Part II 7/12/2012 - by Rodger C. Young MA

Book review: From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology, by Andrew E. Steinmann. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2011. Hardback, 421 + xxxviii pages. Part II.

Book Review: From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology: Part I 7/9/2012 - by Rodger C. Young MA

Book review: From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology, by Andrew E. Steinmann. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2011. Hardback, 421 + xxxviii pages.

Jephthah's Vow 4/26/2012 - by Tim Chaffey MDiv ThM

In the Winter 2012 issue of Bible and Spade, we published an article by Dr. John Roskoski, detailing the historical setting and investigation into the meaning of Jephthah's vow, found in Judges 11. The article below was published by Tim Chaffey of Answers in Genesis, and we have received permission to publish an excerpt of it here. The complete article can be found on the AIG website by clicking the link. This is part of an ongoing series of articles dedicated to the subject of child sacrifice and abortion.

King David: Man or Myth? 1/19/2012 - by Henry B. Smith Jr. MA

King David is portrayed as a "King Arthur" type of mythological figure by many Bible skeptics. This attitude not only reveals a presuppositional bias against the Bible, it also ignores archaeological discoveries that support the portrayal of David and his kingdom in the Biblical accounts.

Hittites and Hethites: A Proposed Solution to an Etymological Conundrum 11/8/2011 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

"The presence of Hittites in the narratives of Israelite beginnings is thus rhetorical and ideological rather than historical.” -John Van Seters. The appearance of the term "Hittites" in English Bible translations has been an apologetic, archaeological and historical problem for quite some time. Many claim that references to the Hittites in the Old Testament are either errors or fictional anachronisms. In this important article, Dr. Bryant Wood proposes that the solution to this problem is a linguistic one. Based on a detailed assessment of the original Hebrew text, and an evaluation of the archaeological evidence pertaining to the Hittite and neo-Hittite kingdoms, Dr. Wood concludes our English translations require correction. Once this is accomplished, we once again find the Bible is accurate and trustworthy...

The Death of Biblical Minimalism 9/22/2011 - by Dewayne Bryant MA

It is a good time to be a Christian. Information is more readily available and accessible than ever before. Whether it appears in books, in articles in print and on Web sites, or in podcasts and other media formats, Christian apologists are producing vast amounts of material in defense of the Christian Faith. In the field of archaeology alone, new discoveries are unearthed every year, adding to our body of knowledge about the biblical world. Because of new information, old theories are being continually revised and refined. In some cases, this information is completely overturning critical theories.

Sifting Dirt, Filling Sandbags and Shaul Junior: Reflections on the 2011 Season at Tel Zayit, Israel 8/9/2011 - by Gordon Franz MA

Who would have thought that a small Judean city on the western fringes of the Kingdom of Israel, facing Philistia, might provide a partial answer to the question posed in the December 2010 issue of National Geographic: “Was the Kingdom of David and Solomon a glorious empire – or just a little cow town?” (Draper 2010)?

Psalm 63: Longing to Worship the LORD While in the Wilderness 6/10/2011 - by Gordon Franz MA

Let’s be honest, we do not live in a perfect world, nor is our homeland Paradise. There is a Millennial Kingdom coming when King Jesus will rule from Jerusalem with justice and righteousness, but that day is still in the future. We live in the nasty, here and now where Murphy’s Law is the norm. “If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong!” This world we live in is far from perfect. It is a world where injustice is the norm and unrighteousness prevails.

The Tel Dan Stela and the Kings of Aram and Israel 5/4/2011 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

A people known as the Arameans lived in the regions of Syria and Mesopotamia in antiquity. They were a large group of linguistically related peoples who spoke dialects of a West Semitic language known as Aramaic. Although not politically unified, they developed powerful city-states that had a strong cultural influence in the Near East in the first millennium BC. The Aramaic language, very similar to Hebrew, became the official international language during the Persian Period, ca. 539–332 BC, and eventually replaced many of the local languages of the area, including Hebrew. As a result, in New Testament times the main local language was Aramaic rather than Hebrew.

Old Testament King Discovered? 2/11/2011 - by Brian Janeway PhD (c)

What if we reported that an ancient king from the Old Testament, an ally of King David, had been discovered? That we were in possession of a group of his inscriptions? Indeed, that his capital city had been located and intensive excavations were ongoing there to uncover his lost kingdom? Few things are certain in archaeology, and these facts are far from proven, but evidence for a long-lost kingdom is coalescing around a ruined city in southeast Turkey, not far from the biblical city of Antioch (Acts 11).

The Philistines Enter Canaan: Were They Egyptian Lackeys or Invading Conquerors? 7/12/2010 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

At very beginning of the 12th century B.C. - the beginning of the period archaeologists call Iron Age I - the Sea Peoples swept out of the Aegean to make their appearance in the archeological record and in ancient literary references. The Philistines ultimately settled on and dominated some of the choicest land in Canaan - the agriculturally rich coastal strip from Gaza in the south to Tell Qasile, near modern Tel Aviv, in the north - through which passed one of the world's most important international trade routes. Soon the Philistines began exerting pressure on the Israelite tribes farther inland. This conflict prompted the Israelites to form a monarchy in the mid - 11th century in order to meet the Philistine threat more effectively. After about 150 years of dominance in the area, the Philistines faded from the scene - overpowered by the Israelites under King David - and thereafter played only a minor role in events until, in about 600 B.C., they disappeared altogether.

Biblical Archaeology in 2010: Going Strong Still! 6/10/2010 - by Brian Janeway PhD (c)

ASOR's annual meetings are its focal event of the year. Approximately 750 scholars, students, and interested members of the public come together for three intensive days of academic lectures, poster presentations, business meetings, evening receptions, and general conversation. This past year they were held in New Orleans, Louisiana. Some of the sessions are directly related to the Bible; for example two sessions on the exciting new finds at Khirbet Qeiyafa, which are associated with the reign of King David...

Ancient Hebrew Inscription Dated to time of David 1/10/2010 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

The inscription, written in ink on clay, is the earliest yet found in Hebrew. It was discovered about 18 months ago in a dig at Khirbet Qeiyafa, near Emek Ha'ela. While it was quickly dated, its language remained uncertain until Prof. Gershon Galil was able to demonstrate that it was an early form of Hebrew - containing roots commonly found in Hebrew, but which are very rare in other Semitic languages.

Tyre and the Tell El-Amarna Tablets 11/20/2009 - by Gary Byers MA

Tyre’s significance in the 14th century BC can be seen in the Amarna Letters. These cuneiform-inscribed clay tablets found in Tell el-Amarna, Egypt, represent correspondence between minor Canaanite kings ruling under Egyptian auspices during the reign of Egyptian Pharaohs Amenhotep III and his son Akhenaten. This is the century immediately following Joshua’s initial assault on Canaan, according to Biblical chronology...

In Quest of the Temple Mount 11/3/2009 - by Gary Byers MA

In a sense, this book is the culmination of Leen Ritmeyer’s life and career. Of the April 1984 International Congress of Biblical Archaeology in Jerusalem, when his collaborative work with Benjamin Mazar was presented, Ritmeyer wrote, “At this defining moment in my life, I realized the unraveling of the mysteries of the Mount had become my personal quest (p. 12)”.

Carbon 14 Dating Controversy in the Iron Age Period 6/16/2009 - by Henry B. Smith Jr. MA

Carbon-14 dating is the center of debate as it pertains to dating from the Iron Age period. The date of the transition from the archaeological period known as Iron Age I to Iron Age IIa is a particularly hotly disputed topic...

“We are Standing on ‘Holy Ground’” at Kiriath Jearim 2/5/2009 - by Wilbur Fields PhD

Kiriath Jearim served as a boundary marker between the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin. The Ark of the Covenant was brought to Kiriath Jearim early in the ministry of Samuel (about 1070 BC). It had been taken from the town of Shiloh into battle against the Philistines, and was captured...

Dagon: The Philistine Fish God 9/4/2008 - by John Roskoski PhD

In the book of Judges, we read how the Israelites served “Baal and Ashtaroth”, pagan gods of the various nations (Judges 2:11-13), but Dagon, the god of the Philistines, is mentioned by name and often depicted as a “fish-god”. How is Dagon different than the other idols?

Between the Pillars: Revisiting "Samson and the House of Dagon" 7/24/2008 - by John Roskoski PhD

The historicity of this heroic account has been long debated among scholars. Indeed, many scholars seem hesitant to comment on the historicity of the Samson narratives at all. From the scholarly debate over the destruction of the Gaza temple two diametrically opposed viewpoints have emerged...

From Ramesses to Shiloh: Archaeological Discoveries Bearing on the Exodus-Judges Period 4/2/2008 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

Attempts to correlate the findings of archaeology with the biblical record for the period under review have seemingly met with insurmountable ob­stacles. Much of the scholarly community today has despaired of making any valid connections and has dismissed biblical history prior to the king­dom period as nothing more than myth and legend...

King Solomon in His Ancient Context 7/1/2007 - by Alan Millard PhD

The Solomon Narrative describes a greater range of material culture than other parts of Kings. It therefore allows greater possibility for assessment in the context of the ancient world: can the creations attributed to Solomon’s craftsmen be set comfortably in the tenth century, or do they belong only to later years?

David Rohl's Revised Egyptian Chronology: A View From Palestine 5/23/2007 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

David Rohl purports to have produced a better correlation between the findings of archaeology and the Bible by revising Egyptian chronology. Rohl, however, cannot so easily be brushed aside...

Abimelech at Shechem 2/13/2006 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD

For some 800 years, from the time of Jacob until the time of Gideon, Shechem was an important highland urban center controlling the area from Megiddo to Jerusalem. It is no surprise, then, that Gideon’s son Abimelech went to the leaders of Shechem to gain support for his failed attempt to become king of the Israelite tribes. Three archaeological discoveries at Shechem relate to the narrative of Judges 9...

The United Monarchy Under David and Solomon 9/26/2005 - by Gary Byers MA

During the past half century, many in the academic world have come to discount the historical basis for most of the Bible's early characters. You can pretty much throw away the first six books of your Bible and not really miss a thing!

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